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Salmon, a popular fish known for its distinctive pinkish hue and rich flavor, is not just a culinary delight but also a powerhouse of nutrition. But, why is salmon such a healthy food choice, and which salmon is best for you, farm-raised or wild-caught varieties?
We'll examine the health benefits including the role of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, and discuss potential toxins. Additionally, we'll delve into salmon's contributions to cardiovascular and cognitive health. In a recent New York Times article, Dr. Dariush Mozaffarian, a professor and the director of the Food is Medicine Institute at Tufts University, said “Fish is one of the few animal foods consistently linked to health benefits, and salmon is at the top of my list when I recommend fish to people.”
What Is The Nutritional Profile of Salmon?
Salmon is celebrated for its high protein content, essential fatty acids, and various vitamins and minerals. It is a prime source of Omega-3 fatty acids, known for their anti-inflammatory properties, which are crucial for maintaining heart health and potentially improving brain function. According to the American Heart Association, eating fatty fish like salmon twice a week is recommended for overall heart health due to its Omega-3 content. There have been a number of studies that have linked omega-3 fatty acids, consumed from seafood, to lower rates of stroke and heart disease.
Additionally, salmon has many other other nutrients, such as protein, selenium and iodide, that alone are important, but in salmon, there's evidence that these compaounds might even augment the healthy effects of the Omega fatty acids. “The focus is usually on omega-3s, but it’s the whole package that makes salmon so healthy,” says Matthew Sprague, a lecturer in nutrition in the United Kingdom.
Wild-Caught vs. Farm-Raised Salmon?
The debate between wild-caught and farm-raised salmon centers on their nutritional content, environmental impact, and presence of contaminants. A study by the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry found that wild salmon contains more minerals, including potassium, zinc, and iron, compared to its farm-raised counterpart. However, farm-raised salmon often has higher fat content, which means more omega-3 fatty acids, but this comes with a higher amount of saturated fat and calories.
Stefanie Colombo, an associate professor and research chair in aquaculture nutrition at Dalhousie University in Canada
Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids
The Omega-3 fatty acids in salmon, namely EPA and DHA, are known for their anti-inflammatory properties. These essential fatty acids are linked to reduced risks of heart diseases and improved brain health. A study published in the journal 'Brain, Behavior, and Immunity' showed that Omega-3 fatty acids could reduce the production of molecules and substances linked to inflammation.
EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) are renowned for their anti-inflammatory properties. These fatty acids play a crucial role in brain health, contributing to various cognitive functions including problem solving, executive functioning, and memory throughout life. They are critical in developing brains and maintain their importance in adult brain health by supporting brain structure, ensuring adequate brain perfusion, and regulating inflammatory processes. DHA is particularly significant in the developing brain but remains essential throughout life to support brain cell turnover.
Omega-3 fatty acids also help alleviate oxidative stress and maintain the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, crucial for preventing cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease.
Toxins in Salmon
Concerns about toxins, such as mercury and PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), are more prominent in farm-raised salmon. Research by the Environmental Working Group found higher levels of PCBs in farm-raised salmon compared to wild salmon. However, the FDA maintains that the levels of PCBs in fish are low enough not to cause harm. Mercury levels in salmon are generally lower than many other fish, making it a safer option in terms of mercury exposure.
There is consistent research that's found that salmon, either wild or farmed, doesn't contain harmful levels of PCBs. This is partially due to the fact that salmon doesn’t live long enough to absorb a lot.
What Are The Cardiovascular Health Benefits?
The American Heart Association highlights the benefits of Omega-3 fatty acids in salmon for heart health. These fatty acids can lower blood pressure, reduce triglycerides, slow the development of plaque in the arteries, and reduce the likelihood of abnormal heart rhythms.
What are The Cognitive Health Benefits?
Consumption of salmon can also benefit cognitive health. A study in the journal 'Neurology' found that people who consume fatty fish regularly have more gray matter in their brains, which is associated with better brain function. The DHA found in Omega-3 fatty acids is essential for brain health, particularly in memory and performance.
Salmon, whether wild-caught or farm-raised, is a nutritious choice, rich in Omega-3 fatty acids, protein, and various vitamins and minerals. While wild-caught salmon generally has a better environmental profile and lower toxin levels, farm-raised salmon is more accessible and still offers significant health benefits. However, salmon does come with some not-so-great ecological impacts.
While both wild-caught and farm-raised have their own issues such as overfishing and fish-farming pollutants, respectively, experts still say that, in general, both types of salmon are more ecologically friendly than most other animal protein sources.
Incorporating salmon into your diet can contribute to better cardiovascular and cognitive health, making it a wise choice for those looking to improve their overall well-being.
Other Sources
- https://wholisticmatters.com/omega-3-brain-health/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29217656/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37606147/
- https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/fats/fish-and-omega-3-fatty-acids
- https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10408398.2015.1126549
